# Kolhrauch-Williams-Watts (KWW) modes¶

## Summary¶

Fit a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW, stretched exponential) model to a frequency dependent relaxation function.

• Function
$\epsilon (t) - \epsilon_\infty = \Delta\epsilon \left[ 1 - \exp \left( - \frac{t}{\tau} \right)^\beta\right]$
• Parameters
• einf = $$\epsilon_{\infty}$$: Unrelaxed permitivity

• $$n_{modes}$$: number of Havriliak-Negami modes equally distributed in logarithmic scale between $$\omega_{min}$$ and $$\omega_{max}$$.

• logwmin = $$\log(\omega_{min})$$: decimal logarithm of the minimum frequency.

• logwmax = $$\log(\omega_{max})$$: decimal logarithm of the maximum frequency.

• logDei = $$\log(\Delta\epsilon_{i})$$, where $$\Delta\epsilon_{i}=\epsilon_{s,i}-\epsilon_\infty$$: decimal logarithm of the relaxation strength of Debye mode $$i$$, where $$\epsilon_{s,i}$$ is the static permitivity of mode $$i$$.

• $$\beta$$: stretched exponential parameter

Note

It makes use of the libkww code, by Joachim Wuttke, CITE: doi:10.3390/a5040604

## Description¶

Todo

Complete docs for this theory

Fit of dielectric spectroscopy data with a set of $$N$$ discrete equidistant Debye modes. The number of modes can be selected by pressing the Up/Down arrows in the theory window. The frequencies of the Debye modes are equally distributed in logarithmic scale between a minimum frequency, $$\omega_\text{min}$$, and a maximum frequency, $$\omega_\text{max}$$, which can be fixed or set free by ticking the corresponding checkboxes. The position of $$\omega_\text{min}$$ and $$\omega_\text{max}$$ can be changed by dragging the leftmost and rightmost modes with the mouse. The vertical position of the modes can be changed by dragging the yellow points.

Each mode contributes to the dielectric relaxation spectrum through the following formulas:

$\begin{split}\epsilon_i'(\omega) &= \Delta\epsilon_i \frac{1}{1+ (\omega \tau_i)^2}\\ \epsilon_i''(\omega) &= \Delta\epsilon_i \frac{\omega \tau_i}{1+ (\omega \tau_i)^2}\end{split}$

with $$\Delta\epsilon_i$$ the amplitude and $$\tau_i$$ the characteristic relaxation time of the mode $$i$$ (inverse of the frequency).

The parameters of the theory are the number of modes (which is fixed by the user and is not minimized), $$\omega_\text{min}$$, $$\omega_\text{max}$$, and a value of $$\Delta\epsilon_i$$ for each mode. $$\Delta\epsilon_i$$ is calculated in logarithmic scale.

Warning

The theory can only be applied to one file per data set. If more than one file is active in the current data set, the theory will be applied to the first one in the list of active files.